Mcgraw-hill Ryerson Mathematics 7 Pdf

angle The figure formed by two lines with a common endpoint called a vertex.

angle bisector The line that divides an angle into two equal parts.

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(See page 95, Chapter 3.)

area The number of square units contained in a two-dimensional region.

base (2-D geometry) A side of a two-dimensional closed figure. Common symbol is b.

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(See page 101, Chapter 3.)

Cartesian plane The plane formed when a horizontal number line and a vertical number line cross. Also called a coordinate grid.

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(See page 4, Chapter 1.)

central angle An angle formed by two radii of a circle. The vertex of the angle is at the centre of the circle.

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(See page 292, Chapter 8.)

circle A set of points that are all the same distance from a fixed point called the centre.
(See page 266, Chapter 8.)

circle graph A graph that represents data using sections of a circle.
(See page 287, Chapter 8.)

circumference The distance around a circle. This is a linear measurement. Represented by the variable, C.

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(See page 274, Chapter 8.)

common denominator A common multiple of the denominators of a set of fractions.

A common denominator for

and

is 6 because a common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6.

(See page 231, Chapter 7.)

common factor A number that two or more numbers are divisible by.
4 is a common factor of 8 and 12.
(See page 203, Chapter 6.)

constant A number that does not change. Increases or decreases the value of the expression no matter what the value of the variable.
In 2x + 4, the number 4 is the constant.
(See page 360, Chapter 10.)

coordinates The values in an ordered pair (x, y).
(See page 5, Chapter 1.)

denominator The number of equal parts in the whole or the group.

has a denominator of 4.

diameter The distance across a circle through its centre. Represented by the variable, d.

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(See page 269, Chapter 8.)

divisible When a number can be divided by another number evenly, with no remainder.
(See page 199, Chapter 6.)

equally likely Each outcome has the same chance of occurring.

equation A mathematical statement with two expressions that have the same value.
3a – 21 = 4 and 2a = 6 – b are equations.
(See page 391, Chapter 11.)

equivalent fractions Fractions that represent the same part of a whole or group.

and

are equivalent fractions.

estimate To approximate an answer.
(See page 45, Chapter 2.)

experimental probability The probability of an event occurring based on experimental results.
(See page 184, Chapter 5.)

exponent The number of factors you multiply.
In the term 5², the number 2 is called an exponent.

expression Any single number or variable, or a combination of operations involving numbers and variables.
2y - 7, 11x, and 14 are expressions.
(See page 358, Chapter 10.)

factors Numbers that are multiplied to produce a product.

favourable outcome A successful result in a probability experiment.
(See page 160, Chapter 5.)

fraction A number that represents a part of a whole or a part of a group.

frequency table A table used to show the number of occurrences in an experiment or survey.

graph A visual way to show the relationship between two sets of numbers.
(See page 374, Chapter 10.)

height The perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite side. Common symbol is h.

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(See page 101, Chapter 3.)

improper fraction

A fraction that has a numerator greater than the denominator, such as

(See page 246, Chapter 7.)

independent events A result in which the outcome of one event has no effect on the outcome of another event.
(See page 166, Chapter 5.)

integer Any of the numbers …, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, ….

line A set of points that contains no endpoints.

line segment The part of a line between two endpoints.

linear relation A pattern made by two sets of numbers that results in points along a straight line when graphed on a coordinate grid.

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(See page 372, Chapter 10.)

lowest terms When the numerator and denominator of a fraction have no common factors other than 1.
(See page 204, Chapter 6.)

mean The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values in the set.

6, 8, 5, 9, 12 Mean =
=	8

(See page 429, Chapter 12.)

measure of central tendency A value that represents the centre of a set of data. It can be the mean, median, or mode.
(See page 423, Chapter 12.)

median The middle number in a set of data after the data have been arranged in order.
For the data 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9, the median is 6.
For the data 1, 3, 7, 7, 9, and 10, the median is 7.
(See page 423, Chapter 12.)

mixed number

A number made up of a whole number and a fraction, such as

(See page 245, Chapter 7.)

mode The most frequently occurring number in a set of data. There can be more than one mode.
For the data 3, 5, 7, 7, and 9, the mode is 7.
For the data 2, 2, 4, 6, 6, 8, and 11, the modes are 2 and 6.
(See page 423, Chapter 12.)

multiple The product of a given number and a natural number like 1, 2, 3, and so on.
Some multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15.
(See page 232, Chapter 7.)

natural number Any of the numbers 1, 2, 3, …

numerical coefficient A number that multiplies the variable.
In 2x + 4, the number 2 is the numerical coefficient.
(See page 360, Chapter 10.)

numerator The number of equal parts being considered in the whole or the group.

has numerator 3.

opposite integers Two integers with the same numeral, but different signs. Two integers represented by points that are the same distance in opposite directions from zero on a number line.
+2 and -2 are opposite integers.

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(See page 311, Chapter 9.)

opposite operations Operations that "undo" other operations. Some people call them "inverse operations."
Addition and subtraction are opposite operations.
Multiplication and division are opposite operations.
(See page 397, Chapter 11.)

order of operations Correct sequence of steps for a calculation. Brackets first, then multiply and divide in order from left to right, and then add and subtract in order from left to right.
(See page 68, Chapter 2.)

ordered pair A pair of numbers used to locate a point on a coordinate grid.

origin The point where the x-axis and the y-axis cross.
(See page 5, Chapter 1.)

outcome One possible result of a probability experiment.
(See page 160, Chapter 5.)

outlier A value that is much smaller or larger than the other data values.
(See page 435, Chapter 12.)

overestimate An estimate that is larger than the actual answer.
(See page 45, Chapter 2.)

parallel Describes lines in the same plane that never cross or intersect.

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(See page 83, Chapter 3.)

parallelogram A four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel and equal in length.

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(See page 100, Chapter 3.)

pattern An arrangement of shapes, colours, numbers, letters, words, and so on, for which you can predict what comes next.
(See page 350, Chapter 10.)

percent Means "out of 100" or "hundredths."

30% means 30 hundredths or 30 out of 100 or

or 0.30.

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(See page 124, Chapter 4.)

perimeter The distance around the outside of a two-dimensional shape or figure.

perpendicular Describes lines that intersect at right angles (90⁰).

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(See page 83, Chapter 3.)

perpendicular bisector A line that divides a line segment in half and is at right angles to it.

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(See page 90, Chapter 3.)

pi The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The symbol for pi is ??.
(See page 274, Chapter 8.)

probability The likelihood or chance of an event occurring. Probability can be expressed as a ratio, fraction, or percent.
(See page 158, Chapter 5.)

proper fraction

A fraction that has a numerator less than its denominator, such as

quadrants The four regions on the coordinate grid.
(See page 5, Chapter 1.)

radius The distance from the centre of a circle to the outside edge. Represented by the variable, r.

(See page 268, Chapter 8.)

random An event in which every outcome has an equal chance of occurring.
(See page 171, Chapter 5.)

range The difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set.
(See page 435, Chapter 12.)

reflection A flip over a mirror line.

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(See page 19, Chapter 1.)

relationship A pattern formed by 2 sets of numbers.
(See page 375, Chapter 10.)

repeating decimal A decimal number with a digit or group of digits that repeats forever. Repeating digits are shown with a bar.

0.777… =

(See page 135, Chapter 4.)

rotation A turn about a fixed point called the centre of rotation.

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(See page 19, Chapter 1.)

sample space All possible outcomes of an experiment.
(See page 166, Chapter 5.)

sector The section of a circle formed by two radii and an arc of the circle connecting the radii.

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(See page 287, Chapter 8.)

semi-circle Half of a circle.

table of values A table showing two sets of related numbers.
(See page 367, Chapter 10.)

tally chart A table used to record experimental results or data. Tally marks are used to count the data.

terminating decimal A decimal number in which the digits stop.
0.4, 0.86, and 0.25 are terminating decimals.
(See page 136, Chapter 4.)

theoretical probability The expected probability of an event occurring.
(See page 184, Chapter 5.)

transformation Moves one geometric figure onto another. Examples are translations, reflections, and rotations.
(See page 18, Chapter 1.)

translation A slide along a straight line.

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(See page 18, Chapter 1.)

tree diagram A diagram with a branch for each possible outcome of an event.
(See page 167, Chapter 5.)

underestimate An estimate that is smaller than the actual answer.
(See page 45, Chapter 2.)

unit fraction A fraction with a number of 1.

, etc.

value A known or calculated amount.
(See page 360, Chapter 10.)

variable A letter that represents an unknown number.
In 2x + 4, the letter x is the variable.
(See page 358, Chapter 10.)

vertex A point where two sides of a figure meet. Plural is vertices.

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(See page 13, Chapter 1.)

whole number Any of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, …

x-axis The horizontal number line on the coordinate grid.
(See page 5, Chapter 1.)

x-coordinate The first number in the ordered pair describing a point on a coordinate grid.
The x-coordinate of point P(2, 5) is 2.

y-axis The vertical number line on the coordinate grid.
(See page 5, Chapter 1.)

y-coordinate The second number in the ordered pair describing a point on a coordinate grid.
The y-coordinate of point P(2, 5) is 5.

zero pair A pair of integer chips, with one chip representing +1 and one chip representing -1. The pair represents zero because (+1) + (-1) = 0.

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(See page 310, Chapter 9.)